Sam Lightstone’s personal webpage

About 4Contact 4Bio and interests 4Publications 4Recent talks 4Patents 4Professional activities 4Technical links 4Fun stuff 4History of computers

Contact

Sam Lightstone

DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows

IBM Canada Ltd., 8200 Warden Avenue

Markham, Ontario, Canada   L6G 1C7

E-mail:                   light [at] ca.ibm.com

Tel:                         (905) 413-3665   

FAX:                       (905) 413-4840

(the “[at]” in my e-mail is not a typo. It is deliberately placed there to prevent web crawlers from finding my e-mail and sending me a ridiculous volume of e-mail spam. If you would like to contact me by e-mail replace it with the commercial at character ‘@’. )

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Bio

Sam Lightstone is Program Director and Senior Technical Staff Member with IBM’s DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows product engineering team where he works on product strategy, architecture and design. His recent work has included numerous topics in data analytics, database languages, data warehousing, autonomic computing and relational database management systems. He is the founder of the IEEE Data Engineering Workgroup on Self Managing Database Systems and a member of the International Advisory Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Autonomous and Autonomic Computing Systems. In 2010 he was elected to the IBM Academy of Technology. Sam is an IBM Master Inventor with over 30 patents and patents pending; he has published widely on software professionalism and database systems. He is co-author of four books on database design, and the industry acclaimed software career guide “Making it Big in Software”. Sam has been with IBM since 1991.

Sam has a B.Sc. Eng. in Applied Science in Electrical Engineering from Queen’s University and an M.Math in Computer Science from the University of Waterloo

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Publications

Books

Sam Lightstone, “Making it Big in Software: Get the job. Work the org. Become great.”, Prentice Hall, 2010, ISBN 0137059671  "I've never seen a book as comprehensive and instantly useful as this one... Seriously, this is the book." David J. Steinberg, Executive Vice President and General Manager, Starz Animation “For me, reading this book was a blissful experience from cover to cover.” Mike Riley,  Dr. Dobb’s “What makes the book particularly attractive was Sam’s willingness to go out and interview other software stars, including Google’s Marissa Mayer, Java inventor James Gosling and Apple founder Steve Wozniak. The interviews alone are worth the price of admission.” Eric Lundquist,  eWeek.com "Making it Big in Software is a great read, it is something I think that every software developer would have loved to have had when they were breaking into the software world. I know I would have loved to have had it." Utahcon.com “… I'm impressed by how empowered I am after reading just the first few chapters! Seriously, I feel like coding the equivalent of punching a bear in the face!” Chris Toohey, Dominoguru.com

S. Lightstone, T. Teorey, T. Nadeau, “Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more”, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2007. ISBN: 0123693896   “This is an excellent book on physical database design, giving pragmatic models and advice. It has a wealth of information for both the student and for the practitioner -- presenting analytic models and practical tips that are demonstrated with examples using Oracle, DB2, and Microsoft SQL Server.” --Jim Gray, Microsoft Research	T. Teorey, S. Lightstone, T. Nadeau, “Database Modeling & Design: Logical Design, 4th edition”, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2005. ISBN: 0-12-685352-5	Soumen Chakrabarti , Earl Cox , Eibe Frank , Ralf Hartmut Güting , Jiawei Han , Xia Jiang , Micheline Kamber , Sam S. Lightstone , Thomas P. Nadeau , Richard E Neapolitan , Dorian Pyle , Mamdouh Refaat , Markus Schneider , Toby J. Teorey , Ian H. Witten  Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2008. ISBN-10: 0123746299 ISBN-13: 978-0123746290	by Toby J. Teorey , Stephen Buxton , Lowell Fryman , Ralf Hartmut Güting , Terry Halpin, Jan L. Harrington , William H. Inmon , Sam S. Lightstone , Jim Melton , Tony Morgan , Thomas P. Nadeau , Bonnie O'Neil , Elizabeth O'Neil , Patrick O'Neil , Markus Schneider  Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2008. ISBN-10: 0123746302 ISBN-13: 978-0123746306

Papers and technical reports

Online versions of several papers

§ My papers in DBLP, several with electronic copies available

1.	2010	S. Lightstone “Making it Big in Software: Get the job. Work the org. Become great.”, Prentice Hall, 2010
2.	2010	Reynold Xin, Patrick Dantressangle, Sam Lightstone, William McLaren, Steve Schormann, Maria Schwenger: MEET DB2: Automated Database Migration Evaluation. PVLDB 3(2): 1426-1434 (2010)
3.	2009	Sam Lightstone: Physical Database Design for Relational Databases. Encyclopedia of Database Systems 2009: 2108-2114
4.	2008	S. Lightstone, C. Tsounis, A. Colangelo, S. Tsounis,  “Best Practices: Physical Database Design”, IBM developerWorks, http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/db2/bestpractices/, May 22, 2008.
5.	2008	H. Rizvi, J. Coleman, S. Lightstone, “Poster session: Simplifying business intelligence with a hybrid appliance: the IBM Balanced Warehouse”,  3rd International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2008), 7 April 2008, Cancun Mexico in conjunction with the 24th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2008)
6.	2008	Said Elnaffar, Patrick Martin, Berni Schiefer, Sam Lightstone: Is it DSS or OLTP: automatically identifying DBMS workloads. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 30(3): 249-271 (2008)
7.	2007	A. Ailamaki, S. Chaudhuri, S. Lightstone, G. Lohman, P. Martin, K. Salem, G. Weikum, “Report on the Second International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2007)”,  IEEE Computer Society Bulletin of the Technical Committee on Data Engineering, June 2007 Vol. 30 No. 2
8.	2007	A. Teisanu, M. Consens, M. Kandil, S. Lightstone, D. Zilio, C. Zuzarte, “Poster: Problem Definition for Effective Workload Management”, 2nd International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2007), 16 April 2007, Istanbul, Turkey  in conjunction with 23rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2007)
9.	2007	S. Lightstone, M. Surendra, Y. Diao, S. Parekh, J. Hellerstein, K. Rose, A. Storm, C. Garcia-Arellano, “Control Theory: a Foundational Technique for Self Managing Databases”, 2nd International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2007), 16 April 2007, Istanbul, Turkey  in conjunction with 23rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2007)
10.	2007	Sam S. Lightstone, “Seven software engineering principles for autonomic computing development”,  Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, Journal 11334, Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2007
11.	2007	Sam S. Lightstone, Chris Eaton, Yun Han Lee, Adam J. Storm "Optimizing Concurrency Through Automated Lock Memory Tuning in DB2" IEEE 23rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2007)   April 16-20, 2007 The Marmara Hotel, Istanbul, Turkey
12.	2007	S. Lightstone, T. Teory, T. Nadeau, “Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more”, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2007. ISBN: 0123693896
13.	2006	A.J. Storm, C.M. Garcia-Arellano, S. Lightstone, Y.Diao, M. Surendra, “Adaptive Self-tuning Memory in DB2 UDB”, VLDB 2006, Sept 10-15 2006, Seoul South Korea.
14.	2006	Sam Lightstone, Guy M. Lohman, Peter J. Haas, Volker Markl, Jun Rao, Adam Storm, Maheswaran Surendra, Daniel C. Zilio “Making DB2 Products Self-Managing: Strategies and Experiences”, IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 29 No. 3, 2006
15.	2006	S. Lightstone, “Letter from Chair of Working Group on Self-Managing Database Systems”. IEEE Data Eng. Bull.  Special Issue on Self Managing Database Systems Sept 2006, Vol. 29 No. 3, IEEE Computer Society.
16.	2006	C. M. Garcia-Arellano, S. Lightstone, G. Lohman, V. Markl, A.Storm “A Self-Managing Relational Database Server: Examples from IBM’s DB2 Universal Database for Linux Unix and Windows”, the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C, May 2006 volume: 36,  Issue: 3 pp: 365- 376
17.	2006	S. Lightstone, “Foundations of Autonomic Computing Development”, IEEE Computer Society – Task Force on Autonomous and Autonomic Systems (TFAAS), Newsletter – Issue 3 (Feb/Mar 2006) – Letters, http://tab.computer.org/aas/
18.	2006	S. Lightstone, “Letter from Chair of Working Group on Self-Managing Database Systems”, Bulletin of the Technical Committee on Data Engineering: Special Issue on Probabilistic Data Management, March 2006, Vol. 29 No. 1, IEEE Computer Society.
19.	2005	T. Teorey, S. Lightstone, T. Nadeau, “Database Modeling & Design: Logical Design, 4th edition”, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2005. ISBN: 0-12-685352-5
20.	2005	Y. Diao, C. Wah Wu, J. L. Hellerstein, A. J. Storm, M. Surendra, S. Lightstone, S. Parekh, C. Garcia-Arellano, M. Carroll, L. Chu, J. Colaco “Comparative Studies of Load Balancing With Control and Optimization Techniques” 24th American Control Conference (ACC),  June 8-10, 2005, Portland, Oregon.
21.	2004	A. Brown, J. Hellerstein, M. Hogstrom, T. Lau, S. Lightstone, P. Shum, M. Yost. “Benchmarking Autonomic Capabilities: Promises and Pitfalls”, International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC-04) York, NY, on 17-18 May 2004,
22.	2004	D. Zilio, G. Lohman, C. Zuzarte, W. Ma, S. Lightstone,  B. Cochrane,  H. Pirahesh."Recommending Materialized Views and Indexes by IBM's DB2 Design Advisor", International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC-04) York, NY, on 17-18 May 2004.
23.	2004	J. Rao, S. Lightstone , G. Lohman, D. Zilio , A. Storm,  C. Garcia-Arellano,   S. Fadden. “DB2 Design Advisor: integrated automated physical database design”, VLDB 2004, Toronto, Canada
24.	2004	S. Lightstone, B. Bhattacharjee “Automating the design of multi-dimensional clustering tables in relational databases”, VLDB 2004, Toronto, Canada,
25.	2004	S. Parekh, K. R. Rose, J. L. Hellerstein, S. Lightstone, M. Huras, and V. Chang.  “Throttling Utilities in the IBM DB2 Universal Database Server”, Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Boston, MA, June 1, 2004.
26.	2004	S. Parekh, K. Rose, Y. Diao, V.  Chang, J. Hellerstein, S. Lightstone, M. Huras “Throttling Utilities in the IBM DB2 Universal Database Server”,  IBM Research Report No. RC23163
27.	2004	V. Markl  I. Popivanov  S. Lightstone  V. Raman , A. Aboulnaga , P. Haas , G. Lohman  “Automated Statistics Collection in DB2 Stinger”, VLDB 2004, Toronto, Canada,
28.	2004	Y. Diao, J. Hellerstein, A. Storm, M. Surendra, S. Lightstone, S. Parekh, C. Garcia-Arellano, ”Incorporating Cost of Control into the Design of a Load Balancing Controller”,  IBM Research Report No. RC23230
29.	2004	Y. Diao, J. Hellerstein, A. Storm, M. Surendra, S. Lightstone, S. Parekh, C. Garcia-Arellano “Load Balancing Using MIMO Linear Control”, IBM Research Report No. RC23213.
30.	2004	Y. Diao, J. Hellerstein, A.Storm, M. Surendra, S. Lightstone, S. Parekh, C. Garcia-Arellano “Using MIMO Linear Control for Load Balancing in Computing Systems”, American Control Conference, 2004.
31.	2004	Y. Diao, J. Hellerstein, A.Storm, M. Surendra, S. Lightstone, S. Parekh, C. Garcia-Arellano. “Incorporating Cost of Control Into the Design of a Load Balancing Controller”, IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Application Systems Symposium, March 1, 2004,
32.	2003	D. Zilio, S. Lightstone, G. lohman.  “Trends in automated database design”, IEEE Workshop on Autonomic Computing Principles and Architectures (AUCOPA' 2003), Banff AB, Aug. 2003.
33.	2003	E. Kwan, S. Lightstone,  B. Schiefer, A Storm, L Wu. “Automatic Configuration for IBM DB2 Universal Database: Compressing years of performance tuning experience into seconds of execution”, 10th Conference on Database Systems for Business, Technology, and the Web (BTW 2003),February 26 - 28, 2003, University of Leipzig, Germany.
34.	2003	R. Telford,  R. Horman, S. Lightstone, N. Markov,  S. O’Connell, G. Lohman. “Usability and design considerations for an autonomic relational database management system”, IBM Systems Journal, Volume 42, Number 4, 2003,
35.	2003	S. Lightstone, B. Schiefer, D. Zilio, J. Kleewein “Autonomic Computing for Relational Databases: the ten year vision”,   IEEE Workshop on Autonomic Computing Principles and Architectures (AUCOPA' 2003), Banff AB, Aug. 2003.
36.	2003	S. Lightstone, J. Hellerstein, W. Tetzlaff, P. Janson, E. Lassettre, C. Norton, B. Rajaraman, L. Spainhower, “Towards Benchmarking Autonomic Computing Maturity”,. IEEE Workshop on Autonomic Computing Principles and Architectures (AUCOPA' 2003), Banff AB, Aug. 2003.
37.	2003	S. Parekh, K. Rose, J. Hellerstein , S. Lightstone, M. Huras , V. Chang. “Managing the Performance Impact of Administrative Utilities”, Computer Science IBM Research Report RC22864 (W0308-003) August 1, 2003,
38.	2003	S. Parekh, K. Rose, J. Hellerstein, V. Chang, S. Lightstone, M. Huras  “A General Approach to Policy-Based Mangement of the Performance Impact of Administrative Utilities”, DSOM 2003: 14th IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management, 20-22 October 2003, Heidelberg, Germany
39.	2002	D. Zilio, S. Lightstone, “CASCON 2001 Workshop Report: Self-Managed Database Systems”, IBM Technical Report TR-74.182-10
40.	2002	G. Lohman, S. Lightstone “SMART: Making DB2 (More) Autonomic”,  VLDB 2002: 877-879,
41.	2002	S. Lightstone,  G. Lohman, B. Smith, R. Horman, J. Teng. “A SMARTer DB2”, DB2 Magazine, Quarter 4, 2002 • Vol. 7, Issue 4,
42.	2002	S. Lightstone,  G. Lohman, D. Zilio. “Toward Autonomic Computing with DB2 Universal Database”, SIGMOD Record Vol 31 Number 3 September 2002,
43.	2001	D. Zilio,  S. Lightstone,  K. Lyons, G. Lohman (IBM) “Self-Managing Technology in IBM DB2 Universal Database” ACM CIKM 2001, Tenth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Georgia Industry Session Data Management: Beyond the Traditional November 5-10, 2001 Atlanta,
44.	2001	S. Lightstone,  E. Kwan, L Wu, and A Storm “Automatic Configuration for IBM® DB2® Universal Database: Compressing years of  performance tuning experience into seconds of execution”, 2001 Performance Technical Journal, IBM Corp.,
45.	1995	T. Greer, S. Lightstone,  "Inventions By Software Testers: Natural, Neutral, or Not Real?", 8th Annual Software Testing Symposium, Poughkeepsie , NY.,
46.	1994	S. Lightstone, "A Successful Approach to Development Toolkit Functional Verification Testing", 7th Annual IBM Software Testing Symposium, Boca Raton, FLA.
47.	1991	F. Fan, S. Lightstone, E. Wiseman, "Speech Coder Interface For Skywave Satellite Terminal", Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario.

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Recent (and not so recent) talks

(Excluding presentations of published papers, which are listed under publications)

1.	2011	S. Lightstone, “Making it Big in Software”, IBM 2011 Managers’ Summit, Littleton MA, USA, 18-Oct Webcast, Safari Books, 16-Mar  (http://blog.safaribooksonline.com/2011/05/23/free-webcast-recording-making-it-big-in-software-with-sam-lightstone/)
2.	2010	Panel on Academic vs Industry Jobs, Moderated by Dr. Robin Cohen, University of Waterloo, 22-Nov
3.	2010	S. Lightstone, “Making it Big in Software”, o University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada 25-Nov o York University, Toronto, Canada 12-Nov, o Queen's university, Kingston, Canada 10-Nov      o University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada 28-Sep  o AMDOCS, Raanana, Israel, 8-Jul o Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 5-Jul o IBM Worldwide audience of the Software Group Super Womens Group, 16-Jun o University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, 15-Jun o Technometria podcast, 10-Jun  (http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail4529.html) o DB2 Night Show, 28-May  (http://www.dbisoftware.com/blog/db2nightshow.php?id=199) o Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, USA,  5-May o Dillards, Little Rock, USA. 7-Apr o DB2 User Group,  Des Moines, USA, 23-Mar  IBM Internship Students, 18-Mar University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 15-Mar
6.	2010	S. Lightstone, “Accelerating Your Career With Integrity”, Women In Technology Event, IBM Information On Demand, October ,  2010,  Las Vegas, Nevada
7.	2010	S. Lightstone, “DB2 Architecture – From Soup to Nuts”, IBM Information On Demand, October ,  2010,  Las Vegas, Nevada
8.	2010	S. Lightstone, “Best practices for physical database design with DB2”,  IBM Information On Demand, October,  2010,  Las Vegas, Nevada
10.	2010	S. Lightstone, “The Innovator’s 12”, Google Israel, Tel Aviv, 8-Jul
16.	2010	S. Lightstone, “The Innovator’s 12”, IBM Toastmaters, 12-May
22.	2009	L. States, D. Lindquist, S. Lightstone, D. Edwards, K. Galloway, “Improving Time to Value: How to Optimize and Migrate your Workloads”, IBM Software Analyst Connect, Stamford CT, November 17-18, 2009
23.	2009	S. Lightstone, “I’m a Believer: Learning to Trust the Self Tuning Memory Manager (STMM)”,  IBM Information On Demand, October 25-30,  2008,  Las Vegas, Nevada
24.	2009	S. Lightstone, “DB2 Architecture – From Soup to Nuts”, IBM Information On Demand, October 25-31,  2009,  Las Vegas, Nevada
25.	2009	S. Lightstone, “Best practices for physical database design with DB2”,  IBM Information On Demand, October 25-30,  2009,  Las Vegas, Nevada
26.	2008	S. Lightstone, “Top 10 reasons it’s never been better to go DB2”,  IBM Information On Demand, October 26-31,  2008,  Las Vegas, Nevada
27.	2008	S. Lightstone, “Best practices for physical database design with DB2”,  IBM Information On Demand, October 26-31,  2008,  Las Vegas, Nevada
28.	2008	S. Lightstone, “Top 10 reasons it has never been better to move to DB2”, IBM Information On Demand EMEA, June 3-6 2008, The Hague, Netherlands. (presented by S. Rielau)
29.	2007	Sam S. Lightstone, “Physical Database Design for DB2”, IBM Information On Demand 2007 Global Conference, October 14 - 19, 2007. Mandalay Bay Resort, Las Vegas, NV
30.	2007	Sam S. Lightstone, “Automatic Statistics Collection: Improve Performance and Reduce Risk”, IBM Information On Demand 2007 Global Conference, October 14 - 19, 2007. Mandalay Bay Resort, Las Vegas, NV
31.	2007	Sam S. Lightstone, “Best Practices for Creating Scalable High Quality Data Warehouses with DB2”, IBM Information On Demand 2007 Global Conference, October 14 - 19, 2007. Mandalay Bay Resort, Las Vegas, NV
32.	2007	Sam S. Lightstone “Adaptive Self Tuning Memory Management …and other autonomic computing success stories from DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows”, Poster session, IBM Academy of Technology, April 3, 2007, Austin TX
33.	2007	S. Lightstone “DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows: Architecture and Internals”, IBM Israel Software Lab Seminar Series, May 3 2007, Rehovot Israel.
34.	2006	S. Lightstone “How DB2 creates super DBAs through self-managing autonomic technology”, IBM Information On Demand 2006 , Anaheim, CA, October 15-20
35.	2006	S. Lightstone, “Strategic Directions for CAS Research,  Information Management”, Center for Advanced Studies Information Management Workshop, July 27 2006, IBM Canada, Toronto
36.	2006	Keynote speaker, S. Lightstone, “The need for ease: development principles for successful autonomic computing projects”, 3rd IEEE International Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic Systems (EASe 2006), March 30, 2006, Postdam Germany
37.	2006	S. Lightstone “Self Managing DB2 UDB, the Latest Technology”, IBM Software University, Las Vegas NA, Jan 15-19, 2006 (presented by G. Baklarz)
38.	2006	S. Lightstone “Self Managing DB2 UDB, the Latest Technology”, DB2 Users Group Forum, IBM, Petach Tikva, Israel, Jan 11, 2006
39.	2005	S. Lightstone, A.Storm, C. Garcia-Arellano, M. Carroll, J. Colaco , Y. Diao, M. Surendra “Self tuning memory management in a relational database system” Fourth Annual Workshop on Systems and Storage Technology, December 11, 2005, IBM Research Lab, Haifa University campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
40.	2005	S. Lightstone, “Self Managing DB2 UDB, the Latest Technology”, IBM DB2 Information Management Technical Conference.  September 12-16, 2005,  Orlando, FL.
41.	2005	S. Lightstone "When systems manage themselves: Research from IBM’s self-managing database project”, York University, Sept 22, 2005.
42.	2005	S. Lightstone, "Makin' it big. The insider's view on building a successful career in software development.", Distinguished Lectures Series, University of Toronto,  Sept. 21, 2005.
43.	2005	S. Lightstone, “Design Advisor: Selecting Indexes, MQTs, MDC and Partitioning Automatically”,  IBM DB2 Information Management Technical Conference.  September 12-16, 2005, Orlando, FL.
44.	2005	M. Wilding, S. Lightstone, K. McKnight, R. Beggs. “DB2 quality roadshow”, an IBM internal review of software engineering mandates, and reliability programming. 100 attendees.
45.	2005	S. Lightstone “Autonomic Computing: Historic Imperative”, IBM Canada Technical Exchange, Feb 8, 2005.
46.	2005	S. Lightstone, "Makin' it big. The insider's view on building a successful career in software development.", Distinguished Lectures Series, York University, March 2, 2005.
47.	2004	S. Lightstone, “Inside DB2 Autonomic Computing: Design and Architecture.”, Canadian Technical Excellence Council (CTEC), December 10, 2004. Toronto, Canada.
48.	2004	S. Lightstone "Autonomic Computing: an historic imperative", Queen’s University, Nov 22, 2004.
49.	2004	S. Lightstone, "Makin' it big. The insider's view on building a successful career in software development.", Queen’s University, Nov 22, 2004
50.	2004	S. Lightstone. D. Zilio, C.  Zuzarte, G. Lohman, J. Rao, K. Cheung. “DB2 Design Advisor: More than just index selection”, IDUG 2004 – Europe, 11-14 October 2004, Prague, Czech Republic
51.	2004	A.Storm, C. Garcia-Arellano , M. Carroll , L. Chu , J. Colaco , Y. Diao , I. Finlay , S. Lightstone , M. Surendra. (Presented by A Storm) “Designing an Autonomic System to Enhance Memory Performance: Challenges and Solutions”, IBM Academy of Technology Performance Engineering Best Practices Conference, San Jose, CA.
52.	2004	V. Chang , Y. Diao , C. Garcia-Arellano , J. L. Hellerstein , M. Huras , S. Lightstone , S. Parekh , K. Rose,   A. Storm , M. Surendra  (presented by Y Diao) “A Control-Theory Based Approach to Performance Design for On-Demand Computing: Case Studies from DB2”, IBM Academy of Technology Performance Engineering Best Practices Conference ,San Jose, CA.
53.	2004	S. Lightstone,  D. Zilio, C.  Zuzarte, G. Lohman, J. Rao, K. Cheung. “DB2 Design Advisor: More than just index selection”, IDUG 2004 – North America, May 9 - 13, 2004, Marriott World Center, Orlando, Florida,
54.	2004	S Lightstone “Autonomic DB2: simplicity, performance, availability”, IDUG 2004 - North America, May 9 - 13, 2004, Marriott World Center, Orlando, Florida,
55.	2004	S. Lightstone, “Autonomic DB2: simplicity, performance, availability”, DB2 Central Canada User Group, April 19 2004, Sheraton Hotel, Toronto, Canada.
56.	2003	S. Lightstone “Self-managing Capabilities in DB2 Universal Database Linux, UNIX, Windows”, IDUG® 2003 – Europe,  7-10 October 2003, Nice Acropolis, Nice, France.  presented by Paul Zikopoulos
57.	2003	S. Lightstone “DB2 Autonomic Computing Strategy and Update”, Gold Consultants Briefing, September 28-October 2, 2003, The Kingbridge Centre, King City, Ontario, Canada.
58.	2003	S. Lightstone “The Autonomic Computing Benchmark Suite”,4th IBM Academy Conference on Performance Engineering, June 9-11, 2003,  Fishkill NY.
59.	2003	S. Lightstone “Self-Managing Capabilities in DB2 UDB”, IDUG 2003 - North America, May 19-23, 2003 Paris Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada.
60.	2002	S. Lightstone “Autonomic Computing for DB2 Universal Database: Baby steps, the midnight jog, and the future marathon.”, Autonomic Computing Summit sponsored by the IBM Academy of Technology, IBM  TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown NY. May 12-14 2002.
61.	2001	S. Lightstone,  D. Zilio. “Self-managing technology in DB2 Universal Database”, CASCON 2002, International Plaza Hotel, Toronto
62.	2001	D. Zilio,  S. Lightstone,  K. Lyons, G. Lohman (IBM) “Self-Managing Technology in IBM DB2 Universal Database” ACM CIKM 2001, Tenth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Georgia Industry Session Data Management: Beyond the Traditional November 5-10, 2001 Atlanta,
63.	2001	S. Lightstone,  E Kwan, L Wu “Performance Magic: DB2's Amazing Performance Configuration Wizard”, DB2 Technical Conference, Oralndo FLA. Oct 1-5 2001,. , presented by B Schiefer.
64.	2001	S. Lightstone,  G. Lohman, R. Horman, D. Zilio, A. Storm “Self-Managing Technology for DB2 UNIX & Windows. No Hands Required.” DB2 Technical Conference, Oralndo FLA. Oct 1-5 2001. , presented by B Schiefer.
65.	2000	S. Lightstone,  M. Flasza, D. Tremaine. “The Sorter the Better. Sort It Out Using DB2 UDB's Advanced Sorting Technology”, DB2 Technical Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada.
66.	2000	S. Lightstone “Get a Load of This! DB2 UDB's Industry Leading High Speed Data Loader”, DB2 Technical Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada.
67.	1999	S. Lightstone "Inside DB2 Load: Better, Stronger, Faster", DB2 International Database Users Group, Nice , France. , presented by Dr. R Berks.
68.	1999	S. Lightstone "Inside DB2 Load: Better, Stronger, Faster", DB2 Technical Conference, Euro Disney, Paris, France.
69.	1999	S. Lightstone, G. Kligerman ,"High Availability with DB2 UDB", DB2 Technical Conference, Euro Disney, Paris, France. .
70.	1998	S. Lightstone, M. Flasza, "Using the New Autoloader For DB2 UDB EEE", DB2 Technical Conference, San Antonio Texas. . Presented by M. Flasza
71.	1998	S. Lightstone, "Secrets of the Load Utility for DB2 Universal Database", DB2 Technical Conference, San Antonio Texas. . Presented by M. Flasza
72.	1997	S. Lightstone, "Scalable Parallel Data Loading; Advanced principles in MPP and SMP exploitation." DB2 Technical Conference, Salt Lake City Utah. .
73.	1997	S. Lightstone, "Secrets of the Load Utility for DB2 Universal Database", DB2 Technical Conference, Salt Lake City Utah. .
74.	1996	S. Lightstone "Secrets of the Load Utility for DB2 Common Server", DB2 Technical Conference, Miami Beach, FLA.

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Patents

Patents issued

	Year (submitted)	Patent No.	Title and co-inventors
1.	2008	US Patent No. 7,757,063	“Systems for dynamically resizing memory pools”, Kuczynski; Wojciech (Oshawa, CA), Storm; Adam J. (Toronto, CA), Zheng; Roger Luo Quan (Richmond Hill, CA), Posner; Sarah (Toronto, CA), Garcia-Arellano; Christian Marcelo (Richmond Hill, CA), Lightstone; Sam Sampson (Toronto, CA)
2.	2008	US Patent No. 7,912,798	“System for estimating storage requirements for a multi-dimensional clustering data configuration”, Lightstone; Sam Sampson (Toronto, CA), Padmanabhan; Sriram K. (San Jose, CA), Swagerman; Richard E. (Toronto, CA)
3.	2007	US Patent No. 7,917,512	“Method for automated design of range partitioned tables for relational databases”, Bhide; Manish A. (New Delhi, IN), Lightstone; Sam S. (Toronto, CA), Mignet; Laurent S. (New Delhi, IN), Negi; Sumit (New Delhi, IN), Zilio; Daniele C. (Georgetown, CA)
4.	2006	US Patent No. 7,502,775	“Providing cost model data for tuning of query cache memory in databases”, Carroll; Matthew James, Garcia-Arellano; Christian Marcelo, Lightstone; Sam Sampson, Snowbell; Michael Joshua, Storm; Adam J.
5.	2006	US Patent No. 7,694,102	“Systems and methods for self-tuning memory”, Garcia-Arellano; Christian Marcelo (Richmond Hill, CA), Lightstone; Sam Sampson (Toronto, CA), Storm; Adam J. (Toronto, CA), Kuczynski; Wojciech (Oshawa, CA), Huras; Matthew Albert (Ajax, CA), Xue; Xun (Markham, CA), Carroll; Matthew James (Toronto, CA)
6.	2006	US Patent No. 7,469,329	“Methods for dynamically resizing memory pools” Kuczynski; Wojciech, Storm; Adam J., Zheng; Roger Luo Quan , Posner; Sarah, Garcia-Arellano; Christian Marcelo, Lightstone; Sam Sampson
7.	2006	US Patent No. 7,401,244	“Adaptive throttling system for computing systems” Hellerstein; Joseph L., Huras; Matthew, Lightstone; Sam, Parekh; Sujay S., Rose; Kevin R.
8.	2005	US Patent No. 7,827,608	“Data leak protection system, method and apparatus “,Bird; Paul M. (Markham, CA), Kaminsky; David L. (Chapel Hill, NC), Lightstone; Sam S. (Toronto, CA), Rjaibi; Walid (Markham, CA)
9.	2005	US Patent No. 7,447,681	“Method, system and program for selection of database characteristics”,  Lightstone; Sam Sampson, Lohman; Guy Maring, O'Connell; William T., Rao; Jun, Van Boeschoten; Robin D. , Zilio; Daniele Costante, Zuzarte; Calisto Paul
10.	2005	US Patent No. 7,483,873	“Method, system and article of manufacture for improving execution efficiency of a database workload” Bhattacharjee; Bishwaranjan, Lightstone; Sam Sampson Malkemus; Timothy Ray, Padmanabhan; Sriram K., Storm; Adam J., Zilio; Daniele Costante
11.	2005	US Patent No. 7,548,903	“Method and apparatus for automatic recommendation and selection of clustering indexes” Chiang; Fei Yen, Cranston; Leslie Anne, Lightstone; Sam Sampson, Zilio; Daniele Costante
12.	2004	US Patent No. 7,243,169	“Method, system and program for oscillation control of an internal process of a computer program”, M. Carroll, A. Storm, C. Garcia-Arellano, M. Surendra, Y. Diao, S. Lightstone.
13.	2004	US Patent No. 7,363,324	“Method, system and program for prioritizing maintenance of database tables” Aboulnaga; Ashraf Ismail, Haas; Peter Jay, Lightstone; Sam Sampson, Markl; Volker Gerhard, Popivanov; Ivan, Raman; Vijayshankar
14.	2004	US Patent No. 7,346,401	“Systems and methods for providing constrained optimization using adaptive regulatory control” Y. Diao, C. Garcia-Arellano, J. Hellerstein, S. Lightstone, S. Parekh, A. Storm, M. Surendra
15.	2004	US Patent No. 7,281,004	“Method, system and program for optimizing compression of a workload processed by a database management system” Lightstone; Sam S. , Lohman; Guy M., Popivanov; Ivan, Rao; Jun, Storm; Adam J., Zilio; Daniele C.
16.	2004	US Patent No. 7,739,293	“Method, system, and program for collecting statistics of data stored in a database” , Lightstone; Sam Sampson (Toronto, CA), Popivanov; Ivan (Markham, CA), Rose; Kevin R. (Toronto, CA)
17.	2004	US Patent No. 7,912,798	“System for estimating storage requirements for a multi-dimensional clustering data configuration”, Lightstone; Sam Sampson (Toronto, CA), Padmanabhan; Sriram K. (San Jose, CA), Swagerman; Richard E. (Toronto, CA)
18.	2003	US Patent No 7,499,908	“Method for identifying a workload type for a given workload of database requests”  Elnaffar; Said, Horman; Randall W., Lightstone; Sam S., Martin; Pat, Schiefer; Bernhard K., Van Boeschoten; Robin D.
19.	2003	US Patent No 7,137,019	“Adaptive throttling system for data processing systems”, Hellerstein; Joseph L., Huras; Matthew, Lightstone; Sam , Parekh; Sujay S. , Rose; Kevin R.
20.	2003	US Patent No. 7,440,986 CAN Patent No. 2,453,608	“System and method for estimating storage requirements for a multi-dimensional clustering data configuration”, S. Lightstone, S.K. Padmanabhan, R.E. Swagerman
21.	2002	US Patent No 7,051,013	Database diagnostic system and method, R. Horman, S. Lightstone, G. Valentin.
22.	2002	US Patent No. 7,080,206	“System and method for adaptively loading input data into a multi-dimensional clustering table”,  M. Leitch, R. Berks, L. Lau, M. Flasza, S. Lightstone, D. Tremaine,.
23.	2002	US Patent No. 7,007,006	“Method for Recommending indexes and Materialized Views for a Database Workload”, Zilio; Daniel C.; Valentin; Gary G. ; Lohman; Guy M. ; Zuzarte; Calisto P.; Cochrane; Roberta J. ; Pirahesh; Hamid ; Zaharioudakis; Markos ; Cheung; Kit Man ; Beyer; Kevin S.; Simmen; David E. ; Leung; Ting Y. ; Lightstone; Sam S. .
24.	2002	US Patent No. 6,961,835	“Autonomic Reallocation of Memory Among Buffer Pools”, A. Storm, D. Zilio, S. Lightstone, G Valentin.
25.	2001	US Patent No. 7,418,441	“Data Loading From A Remote Data Source”, Hamel; Elizabeth Belva , Ho; Michael T. , Kleewein; James C., Leitch; Mark Donald, Lightstone; Sam Sampson, McPherson, Jr.; John Ai, Ruddy; James Alan
26.	1999	US Patent No. 6,453,314	“System and method for selective incremental deferred constraint processing after bulk loading data”, with P.K.C. Chan et al.
27.	1998	US Patent No. 7,028,022, Canadian Patent No 2,279,119	"Heuristic Based Conditional Data Indexing", S Lightstone , M. Flasza, C. McArthur, B. O’Connell.
28.	1996	US patent No  6,088,705	"Method and Apparatus for Data Loading in a Multi-processor System", S Lightstone, A. Comeau.
29.	1989	U.S. Patent No. 5,206,171	"Programmable Automated Inoculator/Replicator". J.A. Dillon, S. Lightstone, K.H. Yeung

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Professional and organizational activities

Year	Details
Current (since 2010)	Member of the IBM Academy of Technology
Current (since 2007)	Member of the International Advisory Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Autonomous and Autonomic Computing Systems
Current (since 2003)	Canadian Technical Excellence Council (CTEC), the Canadian affiliate of the IBM Academy of Technology.
2012	Program Committee, 7th International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2012) 1 April 2012, Washington D.C., USA
2009	Program Committee, 4th International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2009) March 29, 2009 Shanghai, China
2008-2006	Member of the Executive Committee of the IEEE Technical Committee on Data Engineering
2008-2005	Chair (1^st) of the IEEE Computer Society Data Engineering Workgroup on Self-Managing Database Systems.
2008	Industrial Program Committee, SIGMOD 2008, June 9-12 2008, Vancouver, Canada.
2008	5th IEEE Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems (EASe 2008) , March 31st - April 4th, 2008  Belfast, Northern Ireland
2008	Program Committee, 3rd International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2008) 7 April 2008, Cancun, Mexico
2007-2005	Member of the IEEE Computer Society Task Force on Autonomous & Autonomic Systems
2007	Workshop co-chair, “Innovation for Today and the Fast-Paced World of Tomorrow”, CASCON, Oct 24 2007, Toronto, Canada
2007	Program Committee,  4th IEEE Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems  (EASe 2007) March 26th-29th, 2007 “Raising Expectations of Self-Managing Computer Based Systems”, Tucson, AZ U.S.A at the University of Arizona
2007	Program Committee, The Second International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (AReS)   ARES 2007 - "The International Security and Dependability Conference", April 10th - April 13th, 2007,  Vienna University of Technology, Austria
2007	Program Committee, The 3^rd IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC'07) Loyola College Graduate Center, Columbia, MD, USA 25-27, September, 2007
2007	Program Committee, 2nd International Workshop on Self-Managing Database Systems (SMDB 2007) 16 April 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
2006	Program Committee: 3rd IEEE Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems  (EASe 2006), Dually located: Potsdam, Germany, co-located with IEEE 13th ECBS 28-30 March 2006, and Columbia, MD, USA co-located with NASA/IEEE SEW 30 24-28 April 2006
2006	Program Committee: Fourth International Workshop on Autonomic Distributed Data and Storage Systems Management Workshop (ADSM 2006) University of Reading, UK May 28-31, 2006.
2006	Program Committee: The 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Dependable Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC'06) at Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis, USA September 29-October 1, 2006
2005	Program Committee for the First IFIP Workshop on Trusted and Autonomic Ubiquitous and Embedded Systems (TAUES-2005) in conjunction with 2005 IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC'2005) Nagasaki, Japan, 6-9 December 2005.
2005	Technical Program Committee, International Conference on Autonomous and Autonomic  Systems,  ICAS 2005, Tahiti, French Polynesia, October 23-28, 2005
2005	Program Committee: IEEE Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic Systems (EASe 2005), 12th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems (ECBS 2005) , April 3-8, 2005 Washington DC, USA
2001-2003, 1995-1998	Member of the Executive (various positions, including Secretary, Vice-president), Shomrai Shaboth Synagogue.
1988	President of the B'nai Brith Hillel Foundation, Queen’s university. (September through December 1988).
1986-1989	Queen's University Men's Foil Fencing Team
1983-1986	RA Les Spadassins Fencing Club

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Links to technical material

Extremely serious links

(see “Fun Stuff” below for more entertaining content)

Autonomic computing

§ IEEE Data Engineering Workgroup on Self Managing Database Systems § IBM's Autonomic Computing web page. § IBM's Manifesto on Autonomic Computing. § IBM thought leaders on the value of self-managing systems § DB2 redpaper on the DB2 UDB v8.1 Configuration Advisor § DB2 Learning Optimizer § DB2 paper in SIGMOD Record § Utility Throttling in DB2 UDB v8.1.2 and beyond

IBM Business Intelligence

§ IBM Business Intelligence § DB2 DataInfoSphere Warehouse Editions product site § Bob Lyle "OLAP Functions in DB2 UDB"

IBM’s DB2 Universal Database for Linux UNIX and Windows

§ DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows - the world's greatest industrial strength relational database § IDUG: the International DB2 User Group § IBM’s Information On Demand conference, featuring DB2 and other products

Other IBM links

§ IBM Canada Toronto Lab § IBM Haifa Labs § IBM Almaden Computer Science § IBM Almaden § IBM Research § IBM Journal of Research and Development § IBM stock price Image on left from the cover of the IBM Systems Journal Volume 44, Number 3, 2005 on “accessibility”.

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Fun stuff

4Great movies on the Internet

§ Diet coke and mentos experiments. Crank up the volume.  § Amazing indoor remote control flight § Fencing at the Athens Olympics 2004 § Tea machine § Honda’s Rube Goldberg machine. A classic commercial

4Israel and the Middle East

§ Defensible borders, an excellent review of strategic issues facing Israel § Evening news from Israel - streaming video in English § Myths and facts about Israel, by Mitchell G. Bard

4Science and engineering

§ Movie: the curse of the engineer (a.k.a. “The Knack” ) § How stuff works § The MIT Technology Review § The online glossary of computer jargon § Scientific American § Science magazine

4Online encyclopedias

§ The Wikipedia, (up to date but not always accurate) § The Encyclopedia Britannica online § The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy

4The sport of fencing

§ Federation Internationale d’Escrime § Official FIE photo gallery § Fencing.net, one of the most active and comprehensive fencing sites § Canadian Fencing Federation § Fencing video, 2004 Athens Olympics and other clips § European foil team final 2007, with commentary

4Cycling

§ Bicycling magazine, online § Cycling tips § Technical articles (Sheldon Brown) § Israel Cycling Federation § Cycling in Ottawa (still the best bike path system in the world, too bad it’s freezing cold ten months a year) § Cycling maps for Toronto § Understanding clipless pedals

4The city of Toronto

§ City of Toronto web site § CBC Toronto § Toronto traffic cameras (shows you a picture of the highway) § Toronto weather § Toronto arts (theatre, music, film, etc)

4Personal finance

§ Introduction to investment theory § Investment jargon and terminology

4Assorted distractions

§ The official Asterix site § National Geographic § The official Dilbert site

4Erdos number

My Erdös number appears to be 4. An Erdos number is a measure of research collaboration indicating the degrees of separation between any author and the legendary mathematician Paul Erdös. For example, if you published a paper with Paul Erdös your Erdös number would be 1. If you published a paper with someone who had published a paper with Paul Erdos, then your Erdös number would be 2. etc.  The number is mostly meaningless but fun to figure out. Here’s how I get to 4:

1. Paul Erdös, Patrick O’Neil,  On a generalization of Ramsey Numbers, Discrete Mathematics, V 4 No 1, Jan. 1973, pp. 29-35.

2. Michael Stonebraker, Daniel J. Abadi, Adam Batkin, Xuedong Chen, Mitch Cherniack, Miguel Ferreira, Edmond Lau, Amerson Lin, Samuel Madden, Elizabeth J. O'Neil, Patrick E. O'Neil, Alex Rasin, Nga Tran, Stanley B. Zdonik: C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS. VLDB 2005: 553-564

3. Philip A. Bernstein, Michael L. Brodie, Stefano Ceri, David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Franklin, Hector Garcia-Molina, Jim Gray, Gerald Held, Joseph M. Hellerstein, H. V. Jagadish, Michael Lesk, David Maier, Jeffrey F. Naughton, Hamid Pirahesh, Michael Stonebraker, Jeffrey D. Ullman: The Asilomar Report on Database Research. SIGMOD Record 27(4): 74-80 (1998)

4. Daniel C. Zilio, Calisto Zuzarte, Sam Lightstone, Wenbin Ma, Guy M. Lohman, Roberta Cochrane, Hamid Pirahesh, Latha S. Colby, Jarek Gryz, Eric Alton, Dongming Liang, Gary Valentin: Recommending Materialized Views and Indexes with IBM DB2 Design Advisor. ICAC 2004: 180-188

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Evolution of computers

The growth of computer processing power

In 1965 Gordon E. Moore predicted that the number of transistors the industry would be able to place on a computer chip would double every year.  In 1968 Moore co-founded Intel, serving initially as Executive Vice President. In 1975, he updated his prediction about transistor density to doubling once every two years. This prediction, known as “Moore’s Law”, became one of the most well known and predicable trends in the computing industry. Though the growth of transistor density will eventually drop off, the growth of computing power every two years may continue for decades to come through other technical advancements. Examining the growth of computational power per unit cost suggests the growth pattern has a reasonable chance of extending beyond the limits of VLSI transistor density. Electronic computing predates the development of the integrated circuit, and mechanical forms of computing go back to the early 1900’s. Graphing computational growth by cost (see figure below) the startling observation is that the growth trend does not appear to be specific to the VLSI era. This suggests that the growth in computation power may likely continue far beyond the time when we have reached the maximum density of transistors in VLSI that the laws of physics allow. While we can’t predict how this will be done, nor can we state with certainty that is will happen, the historical trend suggests it is distinctly possible.

If the growth in computational power continues we can expect a $1000 home computer to have the processing power (computations per second) of:

§ a house fly by the year 2000,

§ a rodent by the year 2005,

§ a human being by 2020,

§ all human minds on the planet by 2060. 

Fortunately for humanity processing speed is not identical to intelligence, though some popular proponents of Artificial Intelligence (AI) suggest the only difference is a small matter of programming and sensory perception. For a somewhat fluffy but entertaining read on this topic, try Ray Kurzweil’s “The Age of Spiritual Machines”.

A short history of computer technology evolution

1945	ENIAC computer is developed as part of the WWII war effort to help calculate trajectories for missiles. Size: filled an entire room. 16,200 cubic feet. Weight: thirty tons. Power: two hundred kilowatts. Operational power cost: $650/hr in electricity when running idle. Circuitry: 19,000 Vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, 100,000s of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Input/output: An IBM card reader and card punch were used respectively.
1947	John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invent the transistor. Arguably the most important invention of the past 2000 years. The transistor exploits semi conductor solid-state physics resulting in an electronic device with no moving mechanical parts that acts as a switch. The switch is “ON” when voltage is applied, and “OFF” when voltage is not applied. The ability to manufacture high performance electronic “switches” enabled the developed of electronic logic gates, electronic memory and electronic clocking, the three components that make modern computing possible.
1951	UNIVAC becomes the first commercial computer.
1952	Admiral Grace Hopper develops the first computer compiler, leading to the creation of user-friendly languages and opening the door to a larger universe of computer applications and users.
1954	Gene Amdahl develops the first computer operating system for the IBM 704.
1955	Reynold Johnson develops the first disk drive.
1958	Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor independently develop the integrated circuit (IC).
1958	Seymour Cray of Control Data Corp. develops the first transistorized computer.
1961	Silicon chips first appear. The ability to manufacture many transistors into small chips, greatly reducing the size and power requirements for computers.
1963	Douglas Englebart, SRI, patents the idea of the computer mouse.
1964	IBM releases its Model 360 computer, which will result in $100 billion in sales over its life cycle.
1964	Intel Chairman Gordon Moore suggests that integrated circuits would double in complexity (number of transistors) every 18 months.
1971	Intel introduces its popular 4004 4-bit microprocessor, starting the evolution of Intel's famous line of 386, 486, and Pentium processors.
1973	Xerox develops first Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN) technology.
1975	Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft.
1976	Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak form the Apple Computer Company.
1976	Alan Shugart, IBM, invents the 5.25-inch floppy.
1980	Philip Estridge, IBM, develops the first hard drive for PCs. It holds 10MB.
1981	IBM introduces the PC.
1984	Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24.
1988	In 1988, RAID levels 1 through 5 were formally defined by David A. Patterson, Garth A. Gibson and Randy H. Katz in the paper, "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)" creating a quantum leap forward in disk storage reliability.
1991	Tim Berners-Lee developes the World-Wide Web (WWW) and it is released by CERN.
1993	Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina at NCSA  create the first Web browser called Mosaic
1994	Netscape Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994. Because it was given away free it quickly gained 75% of worldwide browser market.
1996	Microsoft finally released their own Web browser Explorer 3.0
2002	64-bit addressability becomes common  making memory addressability a non issue for most practical programming purposes
2005	Intel introduced the first dual-core CPU, a microprocessor with two processors inside. Declares multi-core chips are the wave of the future.
2006	Nov 2006, Intel announces the first x86 quad-core CPU

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Disclaimer: This is a personal website. The content of this site does not specifically reflect the opinions of any corporation or organization.

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